Factor influences that will shape the future of educational tourism

Tourism has developed to a level where it has become a major industry, a major force for social change and a major power for good, for evil.

The world is in a period of rapid transition; the traditional tourist generating countries are moving from an industrial stage to becoming post-industrial societies.

With this change, lifestyles and values are also changing; the old desire to accumulate material possessions shows signs of abating; this will result in a new desire to accumulate experience as avidly as we formerly collected possessions. This changing lifestyle will influence consumers’ demand for travel.

Demographic and Social Trends:
Future demographic and social trends will influence tourism demand to the year 2000 and beyond. Demographic trends, such as ageing populations in the major generating countries and the declining number of young people, are particularly important.

Demographic trends are mixed up with the social trends which lead to late marriage, couples having children in later life and increased number of single child and childless-couple households.

In the Third World, growing labour force will lead to immigration to the developed world and the growth of knowledge and interest in other countries will see a convergence of lifestyles worldwide.

With increased level of education, these trends will give people more time, resources and inclination to travel. This will be encouraged by the growth and spread of discretionary incomes and the liberalisation of trade on an international scale. It is beneficial for tourism in India.

Political Developments:
In the late 1980s we saw a change of the political map of the world, and this has a number of implications for tourism. The fall of communism has led to expansion of tourism because huge numbers thronged to see the outside world.

The emergence of market economy in Eastern Europe and the opening of the borders will pave the way for East European countries to participate more fully in travel movements, particularly to western countries.

Already Hungary has become a leading international destination for tourism and other parts of Eastern Europe will become important destinations as travel restrictions are eased. It will benefit tourism in India.

Transportation Development:
Tourism is highly dependent upon transport technology and the consequent improvements in efficiency and safety of travel.

Although it is generally accepted that total deregulation of the international airline industry is not practical, the trend towards deregulation will continue in 1990s in Europe.

In the US deregulation has led to domination by a small number of larger airlines—a trend which is emerging in other sectors of the tourism industry.

Forecasts of international transport over the next 10 years predict that technological developments, increased airline efficiency and labour productivity savings will offset any rises in aviation fuel prices and thus fares will continue to fall.

This will support the continued trend towards long haul travel. P.M. Atal Bihari Bajpai’s project of development of road transport in India will benefit tourism in India.

Despite the focus on air transport, most tourism journeys are by car. Continued development of highway network, developments of car technology and improved fuel efficiency will all make motoring cheaper and more attractive.
It is believed that by the year 2005 there will be gradual switch away from air to surface transport.

Other Factors:
There are other variables which also influence the future of tourism. These include the changing value systems of the consumers as well as global warming.

The raising of the earth’s temperature and the consequent rise in sea level will affect tourism to India’s advantage because we are adopting environment friendly approach.

Human behavior too is a threat to tourism as the spread of AIDS may render some otherwise attractive destinations no-go areas; increasing incidence of skin cancer may reverse the fashion for a suntan; and disease in some parts of the world decreasing levels of safety will constrain the uninhabited expansion of tourism. Since we are trying India disease free to stimulate tourism in India.

Advances in computer reservations will allow individual holiday-makers to select their destinations, accommodation and flights, put together their own packages, book and pay for the booking by direct debit to their bank account, all without leaving their armchair. The ability to book from home would suggest a rise in impulse booking, coupled with a decline in traditional patterns of advance booking.

If consumers can package their own holidays at home at the push of a button, it could make the task of operator and travel agent redundant. We are progressing very well in this area, therefore, tourism will benefit from it in future.

Some futurologists have predicted that there will be no need to travel away from home in the twenty-first century. Holographs are capable of reproducing an environment artificially, so that we will be able to recreate in the home any environment of our choosing in order to ‘experience’ foreign travel

Tourism and Demography
Demography is the most important external factor that will shape the future of the tourism. Current demographic trends will change the demand for tourism and the available workforces, which will fundamentally impact on how the industries are structured, how they operate, and how they develop in a sustainable manner. The tourism industry has to know how, why, when and what will occur, the consequences for the industry, and the strategies that need to be put in place now to combat this

Haunted Shaniwar Wada Fort Pune

Shaniwar Wada Fort located near on Baji Rao Road near Abhivnav Kala Mandir in Pune. This fort is one of the most horrible places in India. On January 10, 1930 the formal foundation was determined by Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath, More than 16,110 were expensed in contraction of this fort.

Shaniwar Wada Fort 

It was named Shaniwarwada from the Marathi words Shaniwar (Saturday) and Wada (a general term for any residence complex).Teak was foreign from the jungles of Junnar, stone was brought from the close quarries of Chinchwad, and Lime (mineral) was brought from the lime-belts of Jejuri.

The inauguration has been performed in accordance with Hindu spiritual customs, with January twenty-two, 1732, another Sunday chosen to be an especially auspicious time. Later your Peshwas produced several additions, including your fort wall, with bastions and gates; court halls as well as other buildings; fountains in addition to reservoirs. Presently, the outside fort wall membrane has several gateways in addition to nine bastion towers, enclosing any garden complex while using foundations with the original building.

Full moon nights are haunted, especially here. The 13-year-old heir Narayan Peshwa dynasty was brutally murdered. His killers chasing him all over the fort, the boy again and again shouted, "Kaka, mala vachwa!" (Uncle, save me) and even local people help each new moon to midnight on the day that he heard cries. After overnight visitors to the fort can hear the cries for his help.

Shaniwar Wada Fort 

There are five gates of Shaniwar Wada: Dilli Darwaza (Delhi Gate), Mastani Darwaja (Mastani's Gate) or Alibahadur Darwaja, Khidki Darwaja (Window Gate), facing north, Ganesh Darwaja (Ganesh Gate), facing east, Narayan Darwaja (Narayan's Gate) or Jambhul Darwaja, facing south-east.
Delhi Gate each pane grid arranged of a nine-eight to seventy-two twelve-inch steel tack sharps, almost the height of a battle-elephant's forehead. Each panel was also fortified with steel cross members, and extended the boundaries of the cone head was closed with steel bolts.

Narayan's gate was utilized by Kept woman to enter along with leave from fort. It obtains its subsequent name following Narayanrao Peshwa's corpse was stripped away from the fort for cremation through this gate.

The complex has an impressive lotus-shaped fountain: Hazari Karanje (a thousand planes Fountain) complex was an impressive lotus-shaped fountain. It was built for the pleasure of infant Peshwa Sawai Madhavrao. It was designed as a sixteen lotus leaf; each leaf with an eighty-foot arch was sixteen planes. It sleeps most of the time was complex and complicated. In one corner is a marble statue of Ganapati and the castle surrounded by a fountain and a flower garden. "

The impact of tourism towards Haunted Shaniwar Wada Fort Pune,India
Peshwa Baji Rao I, prime minister to Chattrapati Shahu, king of the Maratha empire, laid the ceremonial foundation of his own residence on Saturday, January 10, 1730. It was named Shaniwarwada from the Marathi words Shaniwar(Saturday) and Wada (a general term for any residence complex). Teak was imported from the jungles of Junnar, stone was brought from the nearby quarries of Chinchwad, and Lime (mineral) was brought from the lime-belts of Jejuri. Shaniwarwada was completed in 1732, at a total cost of Rs. 16,110, a very large sum at the time.

The opening ceremony was performed according to Hindu religious customs, on January 22, 1732, another Saturday chosen for being a particularly auspicious day.

Later the Peshwas made several additions, including the fortification walls, with bastions and gates; court halls and other buildings; fountains and reservoirs. Currently, the perimeter fortification wall has five gateways and nine bastion towers, enclosing a garden complex with the foundations of the original buildings. It is situated near the Mula-Mutha River, in Kasba Peth.

Despite its cultural value the fort is not maintained well by the Government. Its inability to maintain the historical Shaniwarwada from the funds provided by central archaeology department forced the fort’s advisory committee’ to woo business houses to fund Shaniwarwada’s makeover.

...St. Moritz A Famous Playground of the Wealthy...

BACKGROUND
The Swiss playground of the rich and famous is marking 150 years since a celebrated hotelier opened his doors to British visitors in winter. And so, 150 years ago, the Swiss hotelier and the English tourists created what would become Europe’s first winter holiday resort and an Alpine playground for the international wealthy and famous.
The 2014-5 season, which opens next weekend, will be celebrated with a comprehensive programmer of events marking the town’s glorious past and intended as a thank-you to those first visitors.

It was considered a hoot to hurtle along the village streets on sleds and sleighs, terrifying the locals. Eventually the British were persuaded to build a proper bob run, much to everyone’s relief. They later formed the Tobogganing Club & The Cresta Run – male-only since 1929. The regulations they drew up would form the basis of Olympic sports and are still detailed in neatly typed documents at a tiny museum above the kindergarten in nearby Celerina.

As was their wont, the English gentlemen formed exclusive clubs, many of which still exist, such as the Shuttlecock, only open to those who have been unceremoniously ejected from the Cresta Run on the notorious Shuttlecock bend. Today, St Moritz is home to more than 5,000 people – 38% of them foreign – but getting there is still a trek for those lacking private jet or helicopter.

It takes the best part of four hours by train from Zurich. From the regional capital, Chur, the Red Train wends its way up through the mountains of what was once marketed as “Heidi-land” on a single-track Unesco-listed route of breathtaking beauty to Switzerland’s highest station.

The ubiquitous ski-hire shops of most Alpine resorts are curiously absent, despite the town having twice hosted the Winter Olympics (1928 and 1948) and being set to host the World Ski Championships, for the fifth time, in 2017. Instead, visitors are confronted with the luxury offerings of Louis Vuitton, Tom Ford, Gucci, Miu Miu and the rest.

Badrutt’s pension Faller is now the Kulm hotel, a five-star palace acquired by Greek shipping magnate Stavros Niarchos in 1968 to avoid it falling into the hands of the French group Club Med, whose family empire now owns large swaths of St Moritz.

And Badrutt, its original owner and the man who, incidentally, also brought electricity to the town, has gone from simple hotelier to local hero. In his original larch-panelled living room, little changed since the 19th century, Heinz E Hunkeler, the manager at Kulm, pulled a stack of black and white photographs from a cupboard with the careless mien of a man not given to nostalgia.

His hotel, he said, is unashamedly grand and very St Moritz, but has changed with the times. “This is a unique hotel and nothing can change that, but it is not stuffy or dusty. Before, a tie was a must after 7pm but people don’t want to come on holiday and wear a tie, though you still have to wear a jacket,” Hunkeler said. “St Moritz doesn’t want to be too chic and champagne but the fact is we don’t have many B&Bs or one-star hotels because the place has a certain cachet. If there was more mass tourism it wouldn’t be St Moritz.”

Though the town never really caught on with British royals (Prince Charles promised to come but never has), the early upper-class toffs who careered down St Moritz’s streets never gave way to the rowdy après ski crowd.

“We’ve managed to avoid the binge drinking. Maybe it’s just too expensive to get drunk in St Moritz, but we do know how to have a good time,” says Susi Wiprächtiger, a mountain guide and ski and swimming instructor in St Moritz.

Locals such as Ariane Ehrat, a former Swiss ski champion and head of St Moritz’s tourist board, say: “There is a perception that St Moritz is snobbish but this is not the reality. It is authentic.”

Its discreet, understated charm, however, comes at a price. The strong Swiss franc has made the resort even more expensive at a time when the well-off, as opposed to the fabulously rich, want more value than glamour for their money. St Moritz also suffers from the second-home syndrome that has blighted many other fashionable towns and cities.

Wiprächtiger points out steel magnate Lakshmi Mittal’s home overlooking the town, homes owned by the Heineken family, and property belonging to other unnamed wealthy families. About half the resort’s properties are second residences, and in the past decade several hotels have been transformed into luxury apartments, some of them by Norman Foster. Today, the conundrum for St Moritz, which featured in Hitchcock’s 1934 thriller The Man Who Knew Too Much, at least two Bond films and Private Lives by Noël Coward, is how to encourage more tourism but not mass tourism. The resort wants to have its traditionalEngadiner Nusstorte (a nut cake) and eat it.

The old and the new rub shoulders in St Moritz. Wooden chalets and traditional Alpine homes mix with gleaming modern condominiums costing CHF 100,000 a week; celebrities share slopes with youngsters who speak Romansh – the least-spoken of Switzerland’s four official languages – until they go to school to be taught high German, Swiss German, English and Italian.

Retired teacher Edith Grob, 84, from near Basel, has spent her holidays in St Moritz for 38 years – three weeks in winter, four in summer – and swears by the local mineral baths and spas. She says St Moritz has to remember its roots. “You can walk around and discover so much wonderful nature and landscapes. Sometimes I feel I owe St Moritz part of my life.”

THE IMPACT ST MORITZ FOR TOURIST
Glamour meets nature means these days St. Moritz has become an important hub for winter sport enthusiasts. In fact, some 70 percent of the guests now come in winter. The 5000-strong town at 1800 meters (5,900 feet) above sea level, is popular due to reliable snow levels as well as varied skiing opportunities for all levels.
Surviving the future where want to become the most famous and most desirable holiday destination in the Alps.

SCIENCE CITY KOLKATA সায়েন্স সিটি কলকাতা

HISTORY

Science City, Kolkata is the largest science centre in the Indian subcontinent under National Council of Science Museums(NCSM), Ministry of Culture, Government of India, is at the crossing of Eastern Metropolitan Bypass and J B S Haldane avenue,Kolkata. It is considered by some people as the most distinguished landmark in post-independence Kolkata. Saroj Ghose, the first director general of NCSM, who is credited with having conceptualized this centre in 1997. This centre was inaugurated by two parts: the ‘Convention Centre Complex’ was unveiled on 21 December 1996 by Paul Jozef Crutzen in presence of the then chief minister Jyoti Basu and the whole centre was opened by the then prime minister Inder Kumar Gujral on 1 July 1997. On 10 January 2010, prime minister of India, Manmohan Singh laid the foundation stone for the second phase of Science City in presence of the then chief minister of West Bengal, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee.

WHAT MAKE THEM SPECIAL
Having trouble evoking your child’s interest in the complex subject of science? Take him to the most amusing creation in the field of science and technology, the Science City in Kolkata.
The intelligent innovations of this place surprise you right from the entrance, where a rope way which offers a bird’s eye view of the museum, is provided. The complex structure of the museum is divided into different sections. These comprise the Space Odyssey, Maritime Centre, Science Park, Dynamotion and Evolution Theme Park. Some of the most popular attractions here include the optical illusions, a super-exciting Time Machine, 3D theatre, a special butterfly corner, an aquarium and the Dinosaurs Complex.
Apart from this, there are a number of swings, slides, train rides, musical fountains and other entertainment facilities, especially for children.The convention centre at the science city includes a Grand Theatre with a seating capacity of more than 2,000 people, a mini-auditorium, and an open-air exhibition ground. With such a long list of facilities, the Science City is certainly the most entertaining option for a fun-filled day out with your children. Imagine generating an earthquake at your own will or traveling to the era of the dinosaurs! These bizarre imaginations can come true only at the Science City of Kolkata. 

GALERIES

Dynamotion Hall

Hands-on and interactive exhibits on various topics of science encouraging visitors to experience with props and enjoy the underlying scientific principles.

• Illusions. A permanent exhibition on the world of illusions with interactive exhibits, explores how motion and placement make a different in the visual perception. 
• Powers of Ten. 43 exhibits unfold the smallest or the biggest of the universe through zooming in or out in the order of ten. 
• Fresh Water Aquarium. Variety of fresh water fishes in 26 tanks; provide the bio-diversity of the fish species. 
•  Live Butterfly Enclave. A colony of live butterflies hatched here and screening of a film Rang Bahari Prajapati on life cycle of butterfly.

Earth Exploration Hall

Earth Exploration Hall. Nov.2013

Inaugurated on 6 December 2008 by Ambika Soni, the then Union Minister for Culture, India. A permanent exhibition on earth is housed in a two storied hemispherical building that displays the details of the southern hemisphere in the ground floor and northern hemisphere in the first floor. Slicing a huge earth globe at the centre of the hall into 12 segments vertically in each hemisphere, important features of each segment such as physical geography, lands and people, flora and fauna and other dynamic natural phenomenon on earth have been highlighted around the central globe with the modern display technologies such as attractive visuals, interactive multimedia, video walls, panoramic videos, tilting tables, computer kiosks and 3-D effects theatre wearing a special Polaroid spectacle.

Former Directors 

• Tapan Kumar Ganguly 
• G S Rautella 

Evolution Park
A theme tour of 1300 square meter covering 7 large walk through dioramas with 71 robotic pre-historic animals, 26 dinosaurs and 140 early plant model set to their periods. It portrays the story of evolution of animal life, specially the extinct species.

Space Odyssey
Comprising Space Theatre equipped with Helios Star Ball planetarium supported by 150 special effect projectors and Astrovision 10/70 Large format Film Projection system housed in a 23 meter diameter tilted dome having unidirectional seating arrangements for 360 person immersive shows on sciences. Now the Astrovision film Adventures in Wild California [8] of 40 minutes duration has been screening from June, 2013.

· 3-D Vision Theater. A show based on stereo back projection system where visitors experience 3D effect by Polaroid spectacles.

· Mirror Magic. There are 35 exhibits based on reflection of light.

· Time Machine. 30-seater motion simulator provides virtual experience of space flight or journey into unknown world sitting in a casual maneuvered by hydraulic motion control system.

Maritime Centre

Depicts maritime history of India, artifacts, dioramas and interactive exhibits on shipping and navigation systems. There is an unmanned quiz corner also.


THE IMPACT OF TOURISM TOWARDS Science City, Kolkata

1. Employment
Recently, Science City has become one of the most must visited places in India. Since the establishment of Science city at the year of 1997, there is a lot of development towards that place. Nowadays, it has become tourist attractions especially for educational. Therefore, it required a lot of new employment to fullfill the needs of that places since there are increasing numbers of visitors.

2. Efforts on educational programs aiming at environmental awareness
The latest addition in the popular attractions of Kolkata, the Science City is the biggest science centre in the Indian sub-continent. This unique Science Amusement Park was set up in the year 1997 as the brainchild of the National Council of Science Museums to disseminate scientific knowledge with fun and ease. It is not only distinctive in its architecture but also in the arrangements made for the visitors to experience the power of science.

3. Building landmarks
In a tropical country like India, the outdoor is sunny and more inviting than the indoors for most part of the year. In a Science Park, people come closer to plants, animals and other objects in their natural surroundings and also learn about the basic principles of science in an open air learning environment. The park interactive exhibits are engineered so as to tolerate all the weather. Science Park has become the integral part in all the centres of NCSM. It comprises Caterpillar Ride, Gravity Coaster, Musical Fountain, Road Train, Cable Cars, Monorail Cycle, butterfly nursery and several exhibits on physical and life sciences and a maze set up in a lush green ambience. there are many people came in different states

HAGIA SOPHIA MUSEUM IN ISTANBUL “THE CHURCH THAT TURN INTO MOSQUE”

Hagia Sophia is a perfect place for educational tourism. This place consist a lot of history behind the established of the museum. For the student who love to historical story must come to this museum because u will discover something that is very wonderful.

HISTORY
The Hagia Sophia, whose name means “holy wisdom,” is a domed monument originally built as a cathedral in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) in the sixth century A.D. It contains two floors centered on a giant nave that has a great dome ceiling, along with smaller domes, towering above.

“Hagia Sophia’s dimensions are formidable for any structure not built of steel,” writes Helen Gardner and Fred Kleiner in their book "Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: A Global History." “In plan it is about 270 feet [82 meters] long and 240 feet [73 meters] wide. The dome is 108 feet [33 meters] in diameter and its crown rises some 180 feet [55 meters] above the pavement.”

In its 1,400 year life-span it has served as a cathedral, mosque and now a museum. When it was first constructed, Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. This state, officially Christian, originally formed the eastern half of the Roman Empire and carried on after the fall of Rome.

Born out of riots
The story of the construction of the Hagia Sophia began in A.D. 532 when the Nika Riots, a great revolt, hit Constantinople. At the time Emperor Justinian I had been ruler of the empire for five years and had become unpopular. It started in the hippodrome among two chariot racing factions called the blue and green with the riot spreading throughout the city the rioters chanting “Nika,” which means “victory,” and attempting to throw out Justinian by besieging him in his palace.

“People were resentful of the high taxes that Justinian had imposed and they wanted him out of office,” said University of London historian Caroline Goodson in a National Geographic documentary. After moving loyal troops into the city Justinian managed to put down the rebellion with brute force.

In the wake of the uprising, and on the site of a torched church that had been called the Hagia Sophia, a new Hagia Sophia would be built. To the ancient writer Paul the Silentiary, who lived when the cathedral was completed, the building represented a triumph for both Justinian and Christianity. 

“I say, renowned Roman Capitol, give way! My Emperor has so far overtopped that wonder as great God is superior to an idol!” (Translation by Peter Bell, from the book "Three Political Voices from the Age of Justinian," Liverpool University Press, 2009)

Building of Hagia Sophia
To build his cathedral, Justinian turned to two men named Anthemius and Isidore the Elder.
“Contemporary writers do not refer to Anthemius and Isidore as architects, though the term was common in the sixth century, but asmechanikoi or mechanopoioi,” writes Indiana University professor W. Eugene Kleinbauer in a section of the book "Hagia Sophia" (Scala Publishers, 2004). “These terms denote a very small number of practitioners of the arts of design, whether of buildings or of machines or other works ...”

They built the Hagia Sophia in great haste, finishing it in less than six years. To put this in comparison it took nearly a century for medieval builders to construct the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris.

This short construction period appears to have led to problems. Ancient sources, such as the writer Procopios, write that the builders had problems with the dome roof, the structure almost collapsing during construction. The dome used a system of piers to channel its weight.

“The piers on top of which the structure was being built, unable to bear the mass that was pressing down on them, somehow or other suddenly started to break away and seemed to be on the point of collapsing...” writes Procopios (translation republished on Columbia University’s website).

Eventually Anthemius and Isidore did get the domed roof to stand and it was a magnificent sight indeed. “It seems not to be founded on solid masonry, but to be suspended from heaven by that golden chain and so cover the space,” wrote Procopios.

Unfortunately this roof did not stand. It collapsed about two decades later and it fell to a man named Isidore the Younger to build a new domed roof. It has lasted, with some repairs, nearly 1,400 years, down to the present day.

“The dome rests not on a drum but on pendentives, spherical triangles that arise from four huge piers that carry the weight of the cupola. The pendentives made it possible to place the dome over a square compartment,” writes researcher Victoria Hammond, who describes the structure of the surviving Hagia Sophia dome, in a chapter of the book "Visions of Heaven: The Dome in European Architecture" (Springer, 2005).

Beneath the dome are 40 windows with sunlight coming through. “The sunlight emanating from the windows surrounding its lofty cupola, suffusing the interior and irradiating its gold mosaics, seemed to dissolve the solidity of the walls and created an ambience of ineffable mystery,” she writes. “On the completion of Hagia Sophia, Justinian is said to have remarked, ‘Solomon, I have outdone thee’.”

Decorations and iconoclasm The decorations within the Hagia Sophia at the time of construction were probably very simple, images of crosses for instances. Over time this changed to include a variety of ornate mosaics.

“There are a number of mosaics that have been added over the centuries, imperial portraits, images of the imperial family, images of Christ and different emperors, those have been added since Justinian’s day,” said Goodson in the documentary.

During the eighth and ninth centuries A.D., there was a period of iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire that resulted in some of the mosaics being destroyed.

“The controversy spanned roughly a century, during the years 726–87 and 815–43. In these decades, imperial legislation barred the production and use of figural images; simultaneously, the cross was promoted as the most acceptable decorative form for Byzantine churches,” writes Sarah Brooks, of James Madison University, in a Metropolitan Museum of Art articles.

“Fear that the viewer misdirected his/her veneration toward the image rather than to the holy person represented in the image lay at the heart of this controversy.”

At the end of this period decoration of the interior of Hagia Sophia resumed, each emperor adding their own images. One of the most well-known mosaics is located on the apse of the church showing a 13-foot-tall (4 meters) Virgin Mary with Jesus as a child. Dedicated on March 29, 867, it is located 30 meters (almost 100 feet) above the church floor, notes University of Sussex professor Liz James in a 2004 article published in the journal Art History.

Conversion to mosque

Another chapter in the Hagia Sophia’s life began in 1453. In that year the Byzantine Empire ended, with Constantinople falling to the armies of Mehmed II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

The Byzantine Empire had been in decline for centuries and by 1453 the Hagia Sophia had fallen into disrepair, notes researcher Elisabeth Piltz in a 2005 British Archaeological Reports series book. Nevertheless, the Christian cathedral made a strong impression on the new Ottoman rulers and they decided to convert it into a mosque.

“What a dome, that vies in rank with the nine spheres of heaven! In this work a perfect master has displayed the whole of the architectural science,” wrote Ottoman historian Tursun Beg during the 15th century (translation from Piltz’s book).

Outside the church, four minarets would eventually be added, Kleiner writes (in a 2010 edition of his book) that these “four slender pencil-shaped minarets” are more than 200 feet (60 meters) tall and are “among the tallest ever constructed.”

Changes occurred on the inside as well. Piltz writes that “after the Ottoman conquest the mosaics were hidden under yellow paint with the exception of the Theotokos [Virgin Mary with child] in the apse.” In addition “Monograms of the four caliphs were put on the pillars flanking the apse and the entrance of the nave.”

The style of the Hagia Sophia, in particular its dome, would go on to influence Ottoman architecture, most notably in the development of the Blue Mosque, built in Istanbul during the 17th century.

Present-day museum
In 1934, the government of Turkey secularized the Hagia Sophia and turned it into a museum. The Turkish Council of Ministers stated that due “to its historical significance, the conversion of the (Hagia Sophia) mosque, a unique architectural monument of art located in Istanbul, into a museum will please the entire Eastern world and its conversion to a museum will cause humanity to gain a new institution of knowledge.” [From Robert Nelson, "Hagia Sophia: 1850-1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument," University of Chicago Press, 2004)

Research, repair and restoration work continues to this day and the Hagia Sophia is now an important site for tourism in Istanbul. It is a place that has been part of the cultural fabric of the city in both ancient and modern times.

THE IMPACT OF TOURISM TOWARDS HAGIA SOPHIA MUSEUM 

1. Hagia Sophia becomes most visited museum in turkey.
The latest statistics over 3.326.591 visitors come to visit the museum. This is because, the museum have carried a lot of history behind them. The visitors who come will know the history of first born of Hagia Sophia then convert to Mosques and lastly become a museum. In they will know the flow of the story. This kind of place is suitable for student who studied in historical and all of visitors. The museum gives a lot of knowledge to the visitors who come. That why they become the most visited museum in turkey every year.

2. Entrence fees.
Visitors who want to enter the museum have to pay the entrance fees. This is because the management of the museum used the fees that visitors paid for maintaining the facilities inside there. Due to many visitors who visit the museum, the management needs a lot of work and effort for maintaining the building as the original. So that they need money for that kind of work. So that visitors have to pay the entrance fees.

Sabah

History of Sabah *_*

Sabah, which was known as North Borneo before it joined the Malaysian Federation in 1963, was part of the Sultanate of Brunei in the 16th century while the north-eastern coast of the state became part of the Sultanate of Sulu which was centered in the southern islands of the Philippines. The the mid 18th century, Europeans began making an appearance and the British managed to open a trading post on Pulau Balambangan off the northern tip of Sabah. This post however failed to take off.

In 1865, the American Consul for Brunei, Claude Lee Moses obtained a lease over North Borneo. The lease ownership was passed to an American company which tried to set up a post in what is today Kimanis. That also turned out to be a failure and was abandoned. The lease was then sold to Baron von Overbeck, the Austrian Consul in Hong Kong which he then transferred to Alfred Dent who in 1882 formed the British North Borneo Company to develop the colony. The capital was first established in Kudat, then transfered to Sandakan. North Borneo became a protectorate of Great Britain in 1888 but administration and control over the colony remained in the hands of the Company ruled until 1942 when the Japanese invaded. There were of course resistance to the company's rule, including by Mat Salleh in the late 1890s and the Muruts in the early 1900s.

The Japanese occupation between 1942 and 1945 was brutal and this was when the infamous Death Marches by British and Allied soldiers forced by the Japanese took place. British Military Administration took over when the Japanese surrendered and in 1946, North Borneo became a British Crown Colony. Jesselton (now Kota Kinabalu), which suffered Allied bombing, was rebuilt and chosen to replace Sandakan as the capital.

On September 16, 1963, North Borneo together with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore formed the Federation of Malaysia and from then on it became known as Sabah.

Poring Hot Springs

 

Poring Hot Springs is about 13 kilometers from Ranau or about 40 kilometers from the Kinabalu National Park Headquarters in Kundasang. The hot springs is actually part of the huge Kinabalu National Park. The Poring Hot Springs was first developed by the Japanese during World War II and has progressed gradually to become one of the top tourist destinations amongst foreigners and locals alike. The hot waters of the spring contains sulphur are piped into open-air Japanese style baths where you can rest your tired limbs after the long hours and strenuous climb up the Mount Kinabalu

Other than the natural hot spring as the main attraction at Poring Hot Springs, there are also other interesting areas in the park which is worth visiting. There is a butterfly farm, the Poring Orchid Conservation Center, the tropical garden, the Poring canopy walkway and the Rafflesia flower site.

Desa Cattle / Desa Dairy Farm

Desa Dairy Farm the largest in Sabah with an area of 199 hectares, is located at the Mesilau Plateau, Kundasang about 30 minutes drive from Mt.Kinabalu National Park. It is one of the subsidiaries of Desa Group of Companies which is wholly owned by the state government of Sabah, Malaysia.

GPS of Desa Cattle, Decimal coordinates (latitude, longitude): 6.013877, 116.593519, Mt. Kinabalu is just in front of you on your way in to Desa Dairy Farm if weather condition is good. You are viewing another side of Mt. Kinabalu! The cold weather, farm fencing, and Friesian cattle make you totally away from all the pressures and stressful life from the reality world

Mount Kinabalu / Gunung Kinabalu

Mount Kinabalu in malay Gunung Kinabalu is a prominent mountain on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is located in the East Malaysian state of Sabah and is protected as Kinabalu Park, a World Heritage Site. Kinabalu is the highest peak in Borneo's Crocker Range and is the highest mountain in the Malay Archipelago. Mount Kinabalu is also the 20th most prominent mountain in the world by topographic prominence. Via ferrata (or iron road in Italian), is a mountain path consisting of a series of rungs, rails and cables embracing the rock face. There are more than 300 via ferrata routes around the world and the world's highest via ferrata, can now be found on Mount Kinabalu in Malaysia, whereby the highest point starts at 3,400 m and ends at 3,800 m. This is the first time that the sport of via ferrata climbing is being introduced in Asia.

An activity for everyone, the via ferrata is devised to give people with little or no climbing experience access to rock faces normally reached by mountaineers and rock climbers.There are several requirements for one to take part in the via ferrata activity, including having an average fitness level, being able to hike up to 3,200m in 6 hours, being at least 10 years of age, being at least 1.3 metres tall; and, especially, having a fearlessness of heights (or willing to conquer their fear of heights). This is a challenging adventure, and those interested to experience via ferrata on Mount Kinabalu should note that the beginner's route will let the climber take their first experience along the granite walls of Mount Kinabalu (a journey of about 2–3 hours). The intermediate route will let the climber experience a 4- to 5-hour journey, which will reward the climber with a breathtaking view of the heights and sights.

Merlion Park

Merlion Park, a landmark of Singapore, is a major tourist attraction at One Fullerton, Singapore, near the Central Business District (CBD). Two structures of the Merlion are located at the park. The original merlion structure measures 8.6 metres tall, whilst a Merlion cub located near the original statue measures 2 metres tall.

1964 to present
The park was first designed as an emblem for the Singapore Tourism Board (STB) in 1964. On 15 September 1972, the park was officially opened at an installation ceremony of the statue, officiated by then Prime Minister of Singapore, Mr Lee Kuan Yew. The original statue of the Merlion used to stand at the mouth of theSingapore River. The statue was made from November 1971 to August 1972 by the late Singapore sculptor, Mr. Lim Nang Seng, it measures 8.6 metres high and weighs 70 tons.

Upon the completion of Esplanade Bridge in 1997, the statue could no longer be viewed clearly from the Marina Bay Waterfront, so on 23 April 2002, the statue was relocated to a new pier specially built on the other side of Esplanade Bridge. With a cost of $7.5 million, the move was finished on 25 April 2002, where it is now located adjacent to One Fullerton hotel.

Merlion statue damage
On 28 February 2009, between 4 pm and 5 pm, the Merlion statue was struck by lightning. Staff in the vicinity said they heard an explosion followed by a loud thud when broken pieces fell to the ground. Repairs were completed in March that year, although the Merlion itself resumed spouting water on 18 March 2009.
The Merlion statue has undergone restoration in 2006 and 2012 to repair cracks and clean stains.

Sipadan Island / Pulau Sipadan**

The late Jacques Cousteau, a world-renowned oceanographer, once described Sipadan Island as an untouched piece of art while divers around the world have voted it as one of the top five dive sites in the world. Rising 700m from the sea floor and at only 12ha., Malaysia's sole oceanic island is very small in size. A 25-minute walk is all that is needed to circle the island on foot, but the huge amount of diverse marine life it attracts from the blackness of the open sea is simply mindblowing. Surrounded by crystal clear waters, this crown jewel is a treasure trove of some of the most amazing species out there.

Declared a bird sanctuary in 1933 by the Colonial Government of North Borneo and re-gazetted in 1963 by the Malaysian Government, the dense vegetation on Sipadan Island supports a large variety of tropical birds that include sea eagles, kingfishers, sunbirds, starlings and wood pigeons. Exotic crustaceans including the amazing coconut crab roam the beaches and scurry among the undergrowth. Encounters with turtles, resident schools of jacks, bumphead parrotfish and barracudas are almost assured when diving around the tiny coral island.

REJUVENATION STAGE.

The State Government suggest that sustainable tourism is vital to rejuvenate the tourism industry in Langkawi and allows it to compete with other international destination.The factors such as the rate of development, access, government policy, competing destinations, and the changing nature of consumer tastes lead to improvements and visitor numbers may increase again to come at Mahsuri, Langkawi.As a response to that matter, the declaration of the Langkawi islands as the 52nd Global Network Geopark by UNESCO in 2007 was part of the government action to promote and introduce a new tourist attraction in Langkawi. As a result, tourist arrivals in Langkawi have increase and make Mahsuri, Langkwi be more popular compete with other place because of their own history.

STAGNATION STAGE

The rate of tourist arrivals slows down in the consolidation stage, peaks in absolute terms in the stagnation stage with great reliance on repeat customers, only to fall in the decline stage as the destination is no longer fashionable, relying on a small geographical catchment area for day trips and weekends visits.

Around in Mahsuri Tomb, tourist will be amazed by the artistic and classical Malay architecture. There are several traditional Malay wooden houses in the mausoleum where some serves as a mini museum, some unoccupied. That make the Mahsuri Tomb have the many tourist and make it high density with frequency of tourist.

CONSOLIDATION

The rate of the increase in the number of visitors decline. Tourism has become a major part of the local economy and its dominated by the major franchises and chains. Marketing and advertising efforts are further widened to extend the visitors season and market area. The resort cities have well defined recreational business districts. Old facilities are regarded as second rate and undesirable. So, Mahsuri have many opportunity to attract their tourist to come at Mahsuri, Langkawi. By using many facilities at Mahsuri, it can make the number of the visitor will be increase. At the same time, the promotion and advertising is important to attract visitor to come at Mahsuri , besides expecting promotion of the surrounding population at Mahsuri, Langkawi. The team Management need to more focus on promotion and play important role to attract and be more creative to attract more visitor to come Mahsuri because they need to compete to other tourism place in Malaysia.

  

ONE OF THE DISPLAY HISTORY LAGENDA MAHSURI

EXPLORATION

At this stage, museum had limited visitation by a new adventurous tourist with individual travel arrangement and following irregular visitation patterns. It because visitors expected to be non-local, attracted by the destination natural and cultural features. Visiting sites have no specific facilities for visitors so the visitors use local facilities and contact with them is high. The physical fabric and social of the area would be unchanged by tourism. The arrivals of the visitors have little significance on economic and social life of local resident.

DEVELOPMENT

Kota Mahsuri is located Mukim Ulu Melaka and built as a tourist attraction to Langkawi. The complex is equipped with Makam Mahsuri museums, theaters and traditional home-related Kedah history Mahsuri. February 2005, LADA has approved the construction of additional buildings of Kota Mahsuri.

The auditorium is build and serves as a theatrical performance, cultural performances and martial arts teacher for home add uniqueness Complex Kota Mahsuri. LADA has allocated a total of RM4.50 million under the Ninth Malaysia Plan for construction the building on the land of 0.68 acres which is implemented through open tender. The project was initiated on March 24, 2008 and should be completed on 23 November 2008 within a period of 8 month.

After the development of makam Mahsuri,now this hustorical places become more beautiful and attractive.

This game is modified to stone as the old game is outdated.now the game is becoming bigger and stronger and can be used in a long time. 

Mahsuri tombs have also been restored, the tomb is decorated with stone and placed her death history.

Mahsuri house has also been restored, to further strengthen the house to allow tourists to visit the site.

Mahsuri Well 

INVOLVEMENT

Langkawi 

After the curse of mahsuri,Langkawi were not popular and not known by other,due the curst of Mahsuri that state “For this act of injustice Langkawi shall not prosper for seven generations to come”. For seven generations crops failed and tourism wasn’t so hot.

Then the Malaysian prime minister of the time Dr Mahatir Mohamed put in an international airport and created a flourishing tourism community. The descendent of Mahsuri, Wan Aishah, also came back to visit Langkawi in 2000 and Langkawi is well and truly back on track, although the poor girl couldn’t quite understand what all the fuss was about, as crowds followed her and press furiously snapped pictures, Vip’s and radio hosts appearing in droves. You can visit Mahsuri’s mausoleum in the center of Langkawi and also the field of burnt rice where they tried to starve the Thai army by torching the crops.

HISTORY OF MAHSURI

Image of Mahsuri

The best known legend of Langkawi is of Mahsuri, a pretty maiden who lived during the reign of Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah the Second who ruled Kedah between 1762 and 1800. She died under tragic circumstances for a crime she did not commit. She died a victim of a conspiracy plotted against her out of jealousy by Mahura, her very own mother-in-law for her magnetic personality. Mahura bitterly objected to her husband's intentions of taking Mahsuri as his second wife and eventually agreed that their son, Mat Deris should seek the hand of Mahsuri in marriage. Since than, Mahura had grown bitterly jealous of Mahsuri for whom she bore much hatred.

In time, Mahsuri gave birth to a baby boy and he was named Mat Arus. This inflamed Mahura even more. Mahsuri was accused of committing adultery with Deramang, a young troubadour who she befriended. The chieftain of Langkawi, Dato Karma Jaya, her own father-in-law was so taken in by Mahura's accusation that, without a proper investigation, he sentenced Mahsuri to death.

As proof of her innocence, some people say, white blood was seen gushing out of her wound during execution at Padang Hangus. Others maintain there was the sudden appearance of white mist that enveloped the spot where she was executed, which it was believed was a sign of mourning of her innocence.

 Wan Aishah Wan Nawawi,

the seventh-generation descendant of 

the legendary Mahsuri

Mahsuri is best remembered for her curse on Langkawi which was uttered before she died. She had said, "For this act of injustice Langkawi shall not prosper for seven generations to come." The execution of Mahsuri was indeed a tragedy of dramatic proportions. And her curse? Myth, legend or fantasy? History tells us that within a few years of Mahsuri's death, Langkawi was devasted by the Siamese and Datuk Seri Kerma Jaya and his entire family were killed. Rice fields and granaries were completely set on fire. 

To this day, grains that appear to be burnt rice grains are still to be found at Padang Matsirat. However, many believe the curse is now over with the numerous development projects undertaken on the island.